Problems and Resources in Pennsylvania German Genealogical Research

Problems and Resources in Pennsylvania German Genealogical Research DON YODER, F.G.S.P. T HE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS are the descendants of German-speaking emigrants who came to Pennsylvania in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. The German transatlantic migration in that period was a massive and important movement of population. It brought settlers to most of the British colonies and to the French colonies of Louisiana and Guiana, as well as to Pennsylvania, although the largest number of emigrants actually settled in Southeastern Pennsylvania, where they created a culture which is still in evidence. The Pennsylvania Germans, representing the earliest strand of German emigration to what is now the United States, were essentially Protestant and rural, and were often differentiated culturally, linguistically, and confessionally from the nineteenth century emigrant Germans who arrived after 1830. There are today descendants of the colonial Pennsylvania German pioneers in every part of the United States, and there is widespread interest in the nation in Pennsylvania German genealogy.' The principal problem faced by the Pennsylvania German genealogist is that of determining the place of origin of his European ancestor. The date of emigration, if after 1727, is easily obtainable. Fortunately the ship lists of the port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808 have been published in the three-volume work by Ralph Beaver Strassburger, edited by William J. Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: A Publication of the Original Lists of Arrivals in the Port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808. This supersedes the earlier publications of these lists in 1852 in Colonial Records, volumes III and IV, and the curious book by I. Daniel Rupp, A Collection of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, Portuguese, and Other Immigranis to Pennsylvania Chronologically Arranged from 1727 to 1776. A third publication of the lists, unfortunately based The most complete introduction to this emigration is the standard work by Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Elenicni fq- the Uniicar Stairs. With Special Reference to its Political, Moral Social and Educational JO/mance. The Pennsylvania Genealogicat Magazine on Rupp's reading of them, appeared in Pennsylvania Archives, Series H, XVII. The value of the Strassburger-Hinke compilation is that it includes the ship lists from 1785 to 1808, that are not in Rupp, and it includes facsimiles of the originals in Volume II, so that the searcher can check on the transcription of names in Volume 1. The work was scientifically done; Rupp was a pioneer scholar of the self-taught school, and the first historian of the Pennsylvania Germans, but his methods in dealing with source materials were no match for those of Dr. Hinke.2 The ship lists are valuable for giving the arrival date of the ancestor, in some cases his age, and in a few instances the names of the female and minor members of his party. While the ship captains were by law required to list their passengers as to place of origin, none of them did so in the eighteenth century except in very general terms. For example, most of the lists are headed by the cover-all expressions: Palatines or Foreigners. More specific headings include the following: Palatines Switzers [List 75 A.C. 1740]; List of Foreigners imported from Wittenberg [Wiirttemberg], Turlock [Durlach] Sc Switzerland [List 100 A. 1743]; Inhabitants of Switzerland [List 113 C. 1747]; Inhabitants of the Palatinate g: Places adjacent [List 114 C. 1747]; Wirtumbergers [List 126 C. 1749]; from Erpacht [ErbachJ and Wirtemberg [List 127 C. 1749]; from Wirtemberg, Alsace, Zweybrecht [List 130 C. 1749]; from Zweybrech, Nassau, Wirtemberg &Palatinate [List 133 C. 1749]; and Hanau, Wirtemberg, Darmstand, Isenburg [List 136 C. 17491. After 1800 a few captains did list their passengers in full, giving places of origin. Examples are the Ship Margaret, 1804 [List 480], which listed Wiirttembergers; the Liberty, 1805 [List 487], whose passengers were mostly Swiss; and the Three Sisters, 1805 [List 490], whose passengers were mostly from the Wittgenstein area. Some of the captains listed the ages of their passengers, for example the Britannia in 1731 [List 16 A.J, which they were not required to do, but for which genealogists can be grateful. A few captains listed occupations, as in the list of the Brig Newton, in 1804 [List 475]. Others made notations of religious affiliation in general, as for example, the Duke of Bedford, in 1751, [List 166 C.] among whose two hundred and sixty "whole Freights" were nine Roman Catholicks [sick and one hundred and twenty Calvinists. Finally the Ship Brothers in 'For Rupp, sec Oswald Seidensticker, "Memoir of Israel Daniel Rupp", The Pennsylvania Maga..:ine of History and Biography, XIV (1890), 403-413; also the Dictionary of American Biography, XVI, 225-226. Pennsylvania German Records 3 1754 [List 219 C.] lists two hundred and fifty "souls", two hundred and ten "freights", of whom seven were Roman Catholics and twentyMentz [Mainz]. three were Mennonites from the Palatinate In light of the sparse information on exact geographical origins of the emigrants in the ship lists, this leaves the researcher in most cases dependent on other channels for finding his emigrant ancestor's birthplace in Europe. These sources include, on this side of the Atlantic, Bible records, tombstone inscriptions, occasional passports, letters of recommendation and other papers brought by the emigrants to America, notations in family letters sent from Europe, naturalization papers in the state or county courts, and occasional reference to relatives in Europe in the emigrant's last will and testament. Church registers also occasionally have notations of the European origins of the emigrant generation, depending on the inclination and industry of the minister. One Lutheran minister of Colonial Pennsylvania, Lucas Rauss, a native of Kronstadt in Siebenhiirgen, left several relatively full family registers in connection with Pennsylvania parishes— including those of the Hill Church [Bergkirche] in Oley, Berks County, and the Lower Bermudian Church in Adams County. In these he gives a family record of each family in the parish, beginning with the elders and deacons, gives European origins, the wife's maiden name, births of children, and even the date of emigration. Pennsylvania's church registers are the primary source for Pennsylvania German genealogy. They are most common for Lutheran, Reformed, and Moravian denominations. As in Europe, the Lutheran and Reformed pastors kept baptismal, marriage, communicant, confirmation and burial registers. The completeness of coverage varies from record to record. For instance, while all pastors kept baptismal records, not all bothered to keep complete marriage, burial, and other similar records. In some cases the pastor kept a private marriage record book. Of the other Pennsylvania church groups, the Moravians [Unitas Fratrum] kept the most complete records from the standpoint of European origins of their members. The sectarian groups Mennonites, Brethren, and Amish — kept relatively incomplete and generally unsatisfying congregational records — mostly because they did not practice infant baptism. Hence for their genealogies one has to depend on family Bible records, family papers, and legal documents such as wills and deeds. In the case of the ultraconservative Amish 4 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine sect the genealogist is in luck, since there is a scholarly project afoot to index all printed Amish genealogies and construct family trees of every Amish family in America from the present generation back to the emigrants. The project stems from the interest of medical specialists in the genetic histories of the Amish, who because of their inbreeding have channeled certain genetic defects. Several volumes have already been published, including the index to Amish genealogies of Ohio and Indiana." In the case of the later Pennsylvania German sects of American origin — the United Brethren, Evangelicals, Church of God and other groups which arose through the C0111bina.tion of German Pietism and Anglo-American revivalism on American soil —church records are also less complete than with the Lutheran and Reformed. They, too, like the plain sects, downgraded infant baptism since their emphasis was upon conversion. A vast body of civil records exists in Pennsylvania for tracing family history and family movements. These are the public records recorded in the county courthouses and the state offices in Harrisburg. They include wills of individuals listing property and naming heirs, and inventories listing the estates of the decedent. In the case of persons who died without a will, there are sometimes orphans court records listing family relationships and making court disposition of property. The land records also are an invaluable genealogical source. In America these are more plentiful, more readily available and easier to work with than the European equivalents, as I can testify from personal experience. Each landowner had to have a deed to his property; most of these land transfers were recorded in the county courthouses and are available to the public. Similar documents known as releases give details on family relationships. Land records are also found in the State Land Office in Harrisburg and include surveys and warrants for land granted to the emigrant generations. A final court document is the power of attorney. When a Pennsylvanian inquired about his property in Germany or Switzerland in the eighteenth century, he gave such authority to the person who was making the return trip across the Atlantic; in some cases these were recorded in the courthouses. Naturalization papers are also available in many state and county court archives, but until the latter For an example of the several volumes that have been issued, see Harold E. Cross, Ohio Amish Genealogy: Holmes County and Vicinity. For a description of the project and a listing of American Amish genealogies, see John A. and Beulah S. Hostetler, "Amish Genealogy : A Progress Report", in Pennsylvania Folielife, XIX, I (Autumn 1969), 23-27. Pennsylvania German Records part of the eighteenth century they rarely give an indication of the precise place of origin in Europe. In addition to the ecclesiastical and civil records available for genealogical research in Pennsylvania, there is a vast body of data available in the eighteenth and nineteenth century newspapers. There are several collections of data assembled from this source which can aid the genealogist. The two most useful are: "Notices by German and Swiss Settlers Seeking Information of Members of Their Families, Kindred, or Friends Inserted Between the Years 1742 and 1761 in the Pennsylvanische Berichte, and Between the Years 1762 and 1779 in the Pennsylvanische Staatsbote", compiled and translated by Anita L. Eyster, The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, III (1938), 1-41; Genealogical Data Relating to the German Settlers of Pennsylvania and Adjacent Territory from Advertisements in German Newspapers Published in Philadelphia and Germantown 1743-1800, compiled by Edward W. Hooker. Finally, the vast body of local history of Pennsylvania, including state, regional, county and locality histories, contain much genealogical material. Much of this is at present being indexed in the national series, The American Genealogical-Biographical Index, From the European side, what sources are available for Pennsylvania German genealogists to determine the origins of their ancestry? The many emigrant lists which have been published in Germany are obviously the first place to look. These were compiled on the basis of archival data concerning Americans, notations of emigration from church registers and actual emigrant lists compiled by local governments in the eighteenth century. A series of these have also been published in the United States :see the bibliography following this article for the works of Faust, Faust gc. Brumbaugh, Gerber, Langguth, Steinemann, Staudt, Mundel, Rubincam, Braun and Krebs]. For a relatively complete listing of passenger lists, the book A Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists, 1538-1825, compiled by Harold Lancour, is helpful. If one cannot locate the desired name in any of these sources, the last resort is to work on the family name itself. Obviously some names betray regional connections, and with luck one can eventually locate one's family. Among the Wittgensteiner contingent in Pennsylvania, for example, there are the Hiesters, the Guckers EGickers], the Benfers, the Dreisbachs, the Richsteins, the Sassrnannhausens, The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine and others.4 They appear together in the ship lists, and they appear together in the Reformed church registers and cemeteries in Pennsylvania, as for example the Bern Church in Berks County, and the Salem Church in Snyder County. I found Benfers and Dreisbachs buried together in a cemetery near Selinsgrove and learned that an adjoining valley is named Hiester Valley. The Swiss names are also susceptible to placing geographically. Obviously such names as Langenegger, Neuenschwander, Frutiger, Bigler, Bittikofer, Fahrni, Heimberger, etc. reflect the Swiss map, and one can eventually trace the name to specific localities, with some ingenuity, through the use of the Swiss name-book.5 What does one do with names not reflective of European geography? To give two personal examples and what is genealogy if it cannot be personal? — my grandmothers were named Gingery and Hepier. Gingery [Gingrich, Gingerich] is relatively easy to connect with the Bernese family of Giingerich, originally Gundorich, which spread to Alsace, the Palatinate, Waldeck, and finally to the United States and Canada. The name Hepler [Heppler, Happier] was brought to Pennsylvania by the emigrant ancestor Johann Caspar Hoppler (1712-1769), who arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Patience, 16 September 1748 EStrassburger-Hinke, List 122 A. CI. In Pennsylvania the Heplers were staunch Lutherans and very probably originated in Wlirttemberg, where the name appears to have been relatively common, although in all my searchings I have not yet been able to come up with the emigrant's village of origin. With names like Gingrich and Hepler at least one eventually learns of areas in Europe where families by these surnames are common, and can proceed from there. In the case of names like Miller [Muller], the commonest surname among the Pennsylvania Germans, Smith [Schmidt], Wagner, Stein, _Maurer, Zimmerman, Kieffer, Jaeger, Schaeffer, Becker, and other names that are represented by dozens of emigrants and could be located in many Germanic areas of Europe, one has to depend on the chance publication of emigration data, or work on what is known about the emigrant's neighbors in Pennsylvania or his shipmates on the Atlantic voyage. 'See Hedwig Mundel, "A 1725 List of Wittgenstein Emigrants", translated and edited by Don Yoder, The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine, XXVI (1970), 133143. For an early account of genealogical investigation in Wittgenstein by an emigrant family, see Isaac Hiester, "The Hiester Homestead in Germany", Transactions of the Historical Society of Berks County, II, ( 1905-1909 ) 180-188. amiliennamenbuch der Schweiz, 6 vols. (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 19681971). Pennsylvania German Records The settlement history and religious affiliation of the emigants often provide the key to their European origins. Very often emigrants from the same localities in Europe came to America together on the same emigrant ship. The materials on eighteenth century emigration being published at present by such scholars as Fritz Braun and Friedrich Krebs show relationships of this sort in almost every instance.1) Furthermore, in Pennsylvania the emigrants, who were often related to each other already, settled in the same areas, bought nearby farms, joined the same congregations, and stood as sponsors at the baptism of each other's children. Sometimes through this network of relationships the European background of one's family can be worked out. To give an example, one of my ancestors named Henrich Weide(n)liach (1687-1754) came with his wife Margreth and several daughters to Pennsylvania on the Ship Hark, arriving at Philadelphia in September 1736 [List 41 A.B.C.]. He settled first at Muddy Creek in Lancaster County and later in, what is now Adams County, where at his house on 19 March 1745, the Lutheran and Reformed congregation known as Lower Bermudian was organized. His daughter Barbara married my ancestor Johannes Cronister [Kranister], the other daughters married Michael Muller and Abraham Zero [Lend. In the same congregation one Nicholas Buschi, who was sponsor fax several of the Cronister children, had emigrated in 1754 from Trippstadt near Kaiserslautern. Dr. Fritz Braun had told me there was a Henrich Weidebach in the Trippstadt church register. Last summer I checked the records at the Landeskirchenarchly in Speyer, and found indeed Henrich Weidebach of Stelzenberg in Trippstadt parish, born about 1686, with a wife Margreth, who had daughters with the right names and ages, who disappears from the register after 1735 and who furthermore does not appear in the burial record of the congregation. A third additional discovery would seem to clinch the whole identification. When my ancestor johannes Cronister died in 1782 he had named as his executors his wife Barbara and his friend Henry Werseler. Henry Wersler and the Buschis and Cronisters had appeared in the Lower Bermudian registers as sponsors of each other's children. In the Trippstadt register I found that one Henrich Worscheler was a godson of Henrich and Margreth Weidebach in 1728. This network of relationships points definitely to the identification of the emigrant Henrich Weidebach of 1736 with the Stelzenherg-Trippstadt family. For a relatively complete listing of emigrant articles by Braun and Krebs, see Harold Lancouris A Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists, L538-1825. The Pennsyivania Genealogical Magazine In my searches for the European origins of my ancestor Johannes Cronister (1708-1782), who emigrated to Pennsylvania on the Ship Winter Galley in 1738 [List 52 A.B.C], I have not been so fortunate. While he obviously belongs to the Austrian Exulanten families of Kranister-Kronester that are found in many villages of Mittelfranken, I have not discovered his birthplace. All I can be sure of is that the Franconian Kronesters were Austrian refugees of the 16501 s who came from various villages in Lower Austria —many of them from the vicinity of Steinakirchen am Forst settling in the Franconian localities of Fiittersee, Taschendorf, Pretzdorf, Baudenbach, Farrenbach, Hutschdorf, Schweinsdorf and elsewhere. Hence the family were evidently part of the massive migration of Austrian Lutherans to Germany at the close of the Thirty Years War. In America the name Cronister-Chronister is very uncommon —only one colonial emigrant by that name arrived here and most of the thousands of Chronisters in the United States today are his descendants. The ethnic components of the Pennsylvania German population are diverse. Since America is now thinking in ethnic terms of its present population, it is instructive to look at the ethnic roots of America's earlier emigrant groups. In fact, it is impossible to understand Pennsylvania German culture and family history without some knowledge of ethnic origins. The majority of the Pennsylvania German emigrants, it appears, stemmed from what is now West Germany, the middle and upper Rhineland, with the Palatinate as a center but by no means the sole emigration point. The second largest emigration area was German Switzerland, the third appears to have been Alsace. In addition there was a scattering of emigrants from a wider periphery Northern Germany, particularly Hanover; parts of what is now East Germany; and parts of what are now Poland and Czechoslovakia. Beyond these central areas, one has to be alerted to the important refugee element in seventeenth and eighteenth century Germany, which added several distinct ethnic strains to the Pennsylvania German population. There were the Holland Dutch families in the Krefeld area, important in the settlement of Germantown; the French Huguenots, Walloons, Waldensians, and French Swiss; the Austrian Exulanten, Lutheran refugees from various Austrian provinces after the Thirty Years War; the Moravians, whom Count Zinzendorf invited to Herrnhut, and later to Pennsylvania; and finally the Schwenk elders from Silesia. The Huguenots and other French families included such names as A rrningeon, Chertron, Bertolet, Ferree, Lefever, Ledee, and Levan. Pennsylvania German Records These had settled in Germany a generation or two before coming on to Pennsylvania, had often intermarried with German families, although some of them brought French Bibles to Pennsylvania, they did not found French Reformed churches here, as they did in London, New York, and elsewhere, but seemed to have joined German Reformed churches. In fact they were at ]east partially Germanized in culture before they arrived in America. Thanks to the good German source materials on Huguenot settlements in Germany, it is relatively easy to trace Pennsylvania Huguenot families to their European origins. For example, from the Huguenot town of Friedrichstal in Baden there came to Pennsylvania families by the name of Gorenflo, Bonnet, Bouquet, Corbeau, leRoy, and Souz.7 From the Wiirttemberg Waldensian settlements [Grossvillars, Pinache, and elsewhere] there came families by the name of Armingeon, Gautier, Balme, Richardon, Rouchon [Rochon], Paris, Perot, Talmon, Bonnet, Chapelle, [now Schappeill, Callarel, Morel, Ozias, Tiers, and Borell.N There are some Pennsylvania German families whose Huguenot origins have been contested. The principal example is the DeLong Welarigh] family of Berks County, a widely known Reformed family which has <riven its name to a colonial Reformed church and has produced many distinguished Reformed clergymen.' The Bertolet family of Berks County, from Chateau d'Oex in Canton Vaud and Minfeld in the Palatinate, is another; was it originally a Huguenot family or did the family originate in French Switzerland?1 ° At one time in our cultural history, immediately after the first World War, it was fashionable to have Huguenbt ancestry, and one or two Ger'See Oscar Hornung. Friedrichstal: Gesehichte einer Migenotiengemeinde, 214-219. Friedrich Krebs, "American Emigrants from Baden-Durlach, 1749-1751", Pennsylvania Folklife, 11 3. (Spring 1973), 41-46. 'Fur these families see Don Yoder, "Emigrants from Wurttemberg: The Adolf Gerber Lists", The Poinsylvania German Folklore Society, A. (1945), 103-237. 'The argument was over the question whether the family was originally a Huguenot family which removed into Holland from France, or an indigenous Holland Dutch family (DeLangh). The case for Germanic origins is presented in Irwin Hoch DeLong's, "Early Occurrences of the Family Name DeLong in Europe and America", The Reformed Church Review, 5th se r-. III, (1924), 267-280. The case for French origins by Thomas A. DeLong. The DeLonys of New York and Brooklyn: A Mignon°, Family Portrait, 25-27. 13crtolet, A Genealogical Histary of the Bertolet Family, the Descendants of an Bertoirt. New evidence on the Palatinate sojourn of the family is found in Don Yoder's "A Letter to Germany (18(0," Pennsylvania Foiklife, If :1, (Autumn 1966), 44-45. 10 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine manic names were falsely "huguenotized" — for example, one branch of the Deivelbis [Swiss Teufelbos] family spelled its name de Vilbiss. The Austrian contingent among the Pennsylvania Germans appears to be relatively important, although it has not been thoroughly studied. In America we hear much of the Salzburgers and their emigration in 1732, but they went to Georgia, not to Pennsylvania. I mentioned the name Cronister as a Pennsylvania German name of Austrian origin. There are others, among them Zantzinger, Brand-stetter, Lichtenwainer, and Seltenreich. These were, as we have said, among the Exulanten who found homes in Protestant German states after the Thirty Years War. The Swiss element among the Pennsylvania Germans is the largest of the ethnic components of the population. It is particularly strong in Lancaster, Lebanon, and other counties where there are Mennonite and Amish settlements. These descendants of the Swiss Anabaptists have given their character to Lancaster County in particular."- Examples of Lancaster County names from Canton Bern are Stauffer, Schenk, Longenecker, Forney [Fahrnil, Eby, Diebi]; from Carlton ZUrich, Landis, Nissley [Missli], Denlinger [Dandliker],Hiestand, and others. Among the Mennonites most family names are from Bernese or Zurich sources. An exception is the Buckwalter [Buchwaider] family, which has its origins in Canton Solothurn. Most Amish family names are also Swiss in origin, except for the "convert" name Stolzfus which entered the sect in the 1750's in the Palatinate and is now represented plentifully in the Amish congregations. The Swiss emigrants were not all Mennonites or Amish. There were many Swiss families of Reformed Church background who emigrated to Pennsylvania either directly from Switzerland or via the Rhineland where they had settled for a generation or two after the Thirty Years War.i2 In Pennsylvania these families, with the Palatines and others founded Reformed Churches, or joined with "For a servey of Mennonite emigration to Pennsylvania see C. Henry Smith, The Mennonite Immigration to Pennsylvania in ihe Eighteenth Century. The Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings and Addresses, XXXV, (1924). Also the curious but useful book by H. Frank Eshleman, Historic Background and Annals of the Swiss and German, Pioneer Settlers of Southeastern Pennsylvania. "For direct emigration from Switzerland to Pennsylvania see Albert Bernhardt Faust's List of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies, 1. Albert Bernhardt Faust & Gatos Marcus Brumbaugh, List of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American. Colonies, IL Pennsylvania German Records 11 the Lutherans in founding "union churches" [Gemeinschaftliche Kirchen] where one church building housed both Lutheran and Reformed congregations. There appears to have been little ethnic tension between Lutherans and Reformed in Pennsylvania. The Swiss somehow polished away the angularities of their Schwyzerdiksch dialects and succumbed to the accent of the middle Rhineland producing the Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch dialect which is still spoken. PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN FAMILY NAMES The names of the Pennsylvania German families pose a second serious research problem, both for American genealogists and for European researchers attempting to trace the descendants of emigam branches of their families. The Pennsylvania German culture has gone through various stages of development, in which spelling of the family names, for various reasons, has been changed, sometimes into forms which to Europeans must seem unrecognizable. In the very early period, some names were anglicized or Americanized by translation. For example, an early Zimmerman family of Lancaster County translated its name into Carpenter, a Berks County Jaeger family became Hunter. This is of course parallel to what happened to the German names of the COte Allemande in Louisiana where the same process occurred, but from German into French forms, for example, Zweig into Branche." In some cases a name was temporarily Americanized by translation, then changed back into an anglicized spelling of the original German name. One Lancaster County Stein family first became Stone, then Stine. Stone is a translation, Stine is an Americanized spelling of the German name, pronounced the same as Stein. Americanization proceeded from the attempt to make names sound less "foreign", to acculturate them to the American scene. Some German names were shortened in Pennsylvania for this reason, Druckenrniller into D'Aliller [Lancaster County], Kirchstlidter into Kerstetter and Carstetter [Lebanon County], Krehenbilhl into Graybill [Lancasteer County]. There seems to have been little uniformity in the process of Americanizing Pennsylvania German surnames. The Montgomery See J. Hanno Deiler, The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of German Descent. 1 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine County name Plannebecher produced two Americanized forms, Pennypacker in Eastern Pennsylvania and Pennybaker in Central Pennsylvania. In the Lancaster, Pennsylvania telephone directory of October 1970 the Swiss name Gochenauer is spelled Gochenauer eleven times, Goehenalir twelve times, Gochenour five times, Gochnailer twenty-nine times, and Kochenour three times. I have even seen it spelled "Kochnarr", which might provide the folketymology experts an interesting example to analyze. The name Gottschalk has likewise achieved a marvelous number of orthographic transformations: Gottshall, Godschall, Godschalk, Godshall, Gottschall., Gutshall and even Cuishall. These transformations of Pennsylvania German family names can be traced, geographically, in documents, church registers, and even on tombstones in the same cemetery. The name Redray and Radcay in certain Lancaster County cemeteries obviously comes from Rothke the spelling which is found on the older tombstones. Obviously these spelling transformations prove obstacles to tracing and understanding the family names. One can imagine what the amateur folketymologists do with Longenecker, not knowing that it derives from the Swiss place-name Langenegg. Nor is a name like Colclesser immediately recognizable as an Americanization of Kalthglaser. A name like Noffther is a disguised form of Nafziger, which also achieved the second spelling Naltzinger. The names Hunzinger and Hunsicker are hopelessly confused in Pennsylvania—some Hunzigers undoubtedly became Huntsingers somewhere in the emigration and acculturation process, in other cases the names appear to be distinct. The -inger, -iker names are a problem that we must leave to the European specialists. One of my own Mennonite families from Lancaster County spell their name Denlinger, earlier Dentlinger. Does the name derive from Rand lifter [Canton Zurich], whence certain members of the family removed in the seventeenth century to Southwest Germany, and in the eighteenth century to Pennsylvania? Does it actually come from the Zurich place-name D•andlikon, or are there other possibilities? Obviously some names reveal simplifications of Germanic spelling, to make the name easier for English tongues to pronounce, or to give it a less "foreign" look. The "-ich" and "-ach" combinations are often simplified for this purpose. Examples, Swiss Giingerich became Pennsylvania Gingerich, Gingrich, Gingery, and Kingery. Bach becomes Baugh, with its progeny Brumbaugh [Brumbach], Pennsylvania German Records 13 Bumbaugh [Burn barld, Mothersbaugh [Muttersbach], Slaybaugh [SchlebachJ, and the best example Daughenbaugh [Tachenbaci]. In one family the name Bachmann became Baughman, which, I am assured by one of its bearers, is now pronounced, Boffman. In some cases names continued to be pronounced approximately the same in their English dress as in German, but the English form was radically different from the German. An example is the name Schaeffer. The "Sch" was too complicated so it became "Sh" —the "ae" was not always understandable in English so we get combinations like Shaeffer, Sheaffer, Shafer. For the same reason Ziegler has become in some cases Zeigler, in other Siglers, and Ziegenfuss became Sigajoos. Occasionally also, for the sake of "easier" English pronunciation, certain names have acquired art appended letter. Meyer-Mayer becomes Myers, Buffer-Boyer becomes Byers, Bauer becomes Bowers, Jotter in some cases becomes Pothers. In general "Germanic" or literary spellings of German names appear to have been preserved by the nineteenth century emigrants to a greater degree than by the eighteenth century families. Thus the name Guiekunst in Philadelphia can be recognized for what it is, a nineteenth century emigrant name, while an upstate Pennsylvania German family might spell the name Goodykoonts. THE DIALECTIZATION OF SURNAMES In most of the above cases of Americanization of names the Germanic core of the name is so preserved that it can be recognized as a probable variation of the original form. In the second case, that of dialectization, the names were changed in spelling to conform to the way in which the emigrants and their families themselves pronounced them, in dialect rather than High German sound values." Examples of this type of spelling change are myriad, and of interest to the Germanist as well as the genealogist. Two obvious examples of well known names are Rockefeller, which is pure dialect, as is Pershing, which seems to have come from Pfirsich via Pfoersching. My favorite example of dialectization is the For the process of dialectization of names, see H, L. Mencken, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. Supplement IL, 410-411. 1 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine name Hirschberger, which was pronounced Haerschbaerrier in Pennsylvania German and came eventually, in Central Pennsylvania, to be spelled Harshbarger. Other examples of this same linguistic shift are Hirtze1=Hartsell, Herzog=Hartsock, Herber=Harper, Herbster Harpster, Kirsch(en)mann=Cashman, Kirschthaler=Cashdoilar. A second group of examples involves the linguistic shift from "ei" to "oi" —Bayer= Boyer, Mayer = Moyer, Treyer Troyer, Schmeyer Schmoyer, Krey = Croy, and Gay = boy. A third group involves the dialect pronunciation of "pf" as "p" Pfaffenmeier = Buffenmyer, Bullamoyer, Pfaffenberger or "b" Poffeberger,Pfaff=Poff, Pfeffer, Pfeiffer=Peifer. Sometimes the reverse process is illustrated, for example, Bleimeier =Plymyer. A fourth group involves the dialect lengthening of a surname, for example, Munch into Minnich or Minnig. A similar case, that of Georg of Lehigh County, produced two variants, one George, a "translation" into English, the other Yearick, a pure case of dialectization, reflecting the Pennsylvania German pronunciation Yaerrick, of Georg. All of these transformations follow the rules of linguistic acculturation, and examples of such name changes could be collected on a worldwide basis. It is wrong, therefore, to consider dialectized spellings of Pennsylvania German surnames, or Americanized reformulations of the names, as some earlier writers have done, who called them "corrupted patronymics", "anglicized and corrupted German names", "names . barbarously manhandled", or, as one touchy emigrant Lutheran minister of the late nineteenth century called them a "mutilization of. noble German names".'5 Family names, like every new form that results has legitimate reasons for existing. The genealogist can profit, however, by a study of the namechange process, in order to interpret a family history correctly. The personal names of the Pennsylvania German population deserve study as well. There were changing cultural fashions represented in these. The emigrant generation contained the stock Protestant Biblical names: Hans, Abraham, Jacob, Michael, Peter, and jeremias, as well as the Germanic names: Dietrich, Heinrich, Gottfried, and Eberhard, with a sprinkling of dialect names: Stoffel, "For views such as this, see Georg von Bosse, Eh/ Kampf ion Mat:ben und Volk-shim: Das Streben wahrend 15/iihriyen Ai:its/M(1ns als deutsch-tutherischer Geistlicher in Amerika, 110-111. Pennsylvania German Records 15 Baltzer, jerich, and Dewald. There were also some Kilians and Florians among the emigrants, and on the distaff side, Appolonias and Kunigundas, representing the medieval Catholic saint-name tradition in onomastics. Very few of these latter continued in Pennsylvania. One conspicuous exception is the continuing use of the name Felix among Mennonite families, like the Dandises, who derive from Canton Zurich. In the nineteenth century, when the process of Americanization in language and culture was advocated by the leaders of the culture, the personal names as well as surnames were often Americanized. The Biblical names became in part old-fashioned, and the church records began to register fewer Abrahams, Isaacs, and Jacobs, and more "George Washingtons", "James Monroes", and "Abraham Lincoins" as personal names. Also in the mid-nineteenth century the Pennsylvania Germans achieved a fantastic variety of fancy Victorian names." These shifts in name fashions are interesting to the social historian as well as the genealogist. Unfortunately there are as yet no dictionaries of Pennsylvania German names, their origin and meaning. We need an analysis of the names and the name-system of the Pennsylvania German culture, and urge the preparation of such studies. The few treatments that do cover Pennsylvania German surnames are listed in the bibliography under Kuhns, Mencken, and Meynen. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIASPORA The third and last problem is that posed by the so-called Pennsylvania German diaspora. The United States is a very large country geographically. Pennsylvania itself is three times the geographical area of Switzerland —forty-five thousand square miles to Switzerland's fifteen thousand square miles. Since the eighteenth century Americans have been on the move to find new homes in the West. The Western states were settled by migration from the East, as well as from European emigration direct from the continent. In this migration Pennsylvanians, including Pennsylvania Germans, participated. The Pennsylvania German diaspora was extensive and inter'For some examples see D. B. Shuey, History of the Shuey Family in America, and the analysis by Don Yoder, "Genealogy and Folk-Culture", Pennsylvania Folklife, XV : 1 (Autumn 1%5), 24-29. 16 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine national in that Canada and Latin America as well as the United States are involved.'7 The history of the diaspora is threefold. There were three main thrusts of migration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The first was the movement to the South. Before the Revolution Pennsylvania Germans were hindered from moving directly west by the Allegheny Mountains in the Appalachian Range, which deflected them southward into the back parts of the South, into Western Maryland, Western Virginia, Western North Carolina, and South Carolina. Pennsylvania German institutions were carried along and transplanted in Southern cultural soil. The German language has lasted in some cases to the present time in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland; in North Carolina it lasted into the twentieth century but is now defunct. German churches and sects were planted also, even such a typically Pennsylvania institution as the "union church", where a Lutheran congregation and a Reformed congregation shared a church building, alternating the services."' The Northern migration into New York State and Canada came mostly after the Revolution, when particularly Bucks, Montgomery, and Lancaster County Mennonies moved into Ontario, not only for land, but also evidently in order to continue to live under the English sovereign. Other Americans, the so-called "United Empire Loyalists", moved at the same time. The sections of Ontario that were settled [the Kitchener-Waterloo area is a typical one] reveal today a strong Pennsylvania German culture, with the dialect still alive and functional, and many Pennsylvania institutions and regional customs visible. There is strong interest among the Ontario population in genealogy, as evidenced in the programs of the Ontario Genealogical Society and the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society of Ontario."' 'The best survey is stilt that of Faust, The German Eiement in the United States, which deals thoroughly with the Pennsylvania element in the settlement of the West. Since his book was written Latin America has been added to the diaspora through the movement of a few Old Order Mennonite and Amish groups from Pennsylvania to Mexico and Paraguay. "For the Pennsylvania German thrust into the South see particularly Dieter Cunz, The Maryland Germans, Klaus Wust, The Virginia Germns; G. D. Bernheim, History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina. "For the migration of Pennsylvania Germans to Ontario, see G. Elmore Beaman, The Trail of the Black Walnut; and Arthur D. Graeff, "The Pennsylvania Germans in Ontario, Canada", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XI (1946), 1-80. Penn,sylvania German Records 1 The Westward migration from Southeastern Pennsylvania was the most extensive. It began before the Revolution when parts of Central and Western Pennsylvania were settled as secondary settlements. With the opening of the West after the close of the Revolution the westward movement began in earnest. Again not only the Pennsylvania Germans were involved, but all Pennsylvania groups contributed to the emigration. Whole areas of the mid-western states were settled by Pennsylvanians. Pennsylvania German concentrations are obvious even today in such areas as Holmes and Stark Counties in Ohio, and Elkhart and Lagrange Counties in Indiana. This Pennsylvania German migration reached as far west as Kansas and Nebraska by the time of the Civil War.2" Again, there is large interest in these areas in Pennsylvania German genealogy. Many of the state and regional historical and genealogical societies have good collections of Pennsylvania histories and genealogies. Forums and symposia are held on Pennsylvania German genealogical research. For researchers in the midwestern diaspora settlements it is sometimes difficult to connect their families with the Pennsylvania families of the same name, because of gaps in the documentation. It appears that the Western emigrants were just as careless in recording their Pennsylvania origins as were the transatlantic emigrants of the eighteenth century in recording their European origins. PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN LIBRARY RESOURCES Finally, where are the basic collections of source materials for Pennsylvania German genealogy? The best possibilities for overall genealogical research lie in several institutions in Eastern Pennsylvania. The largest collection of Pennsylvaniana in the world is contained in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia. Not only are the county historical publications available here, but newspapers, printed archival sources, and a vast body of manuscript materials. The collection of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania is housed in the same building, and includes manuscripts, typescripts and photostat church registers. For Kansas, see J. Neale Carman, Foreign-Language Units of Kansas: .1. Historical Atlas and Staiistics, which contains many references to Pennsylvania German settlements. 18 The Pennsylvania Geneaiogicat Magazine The second largest collection of Pennsylvaniana is the Pennsylvania State Library at Harrisburg. There is a large open-shelf collection of regional and county literature, and a huge genealogical division, with printed genealogies as well as manuscript and typescript source volumes, including church registers. A few college libraries in Pennsylvania have shown interest in Pennsylvania German genealogy. Principal among these is Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, which houses an extensive Pennsylvania collection, the so-called Diffenderffer Alcove, and a genealogical room. Also available is the Genealogical Index of the Pennsylvania Folktife Society, prepared in the 1950's, it is a card file indexing the Pennsylvania German Society and Pennsylvania German Folklore Society publications, as well as others of genealogical interest. For the records of the Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania, the depository for the records of the Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania, which was founded in 1748, is the Philadelphia Theological Seminary in the Mount Airy section of Philadelphia. The archive is housed in the Krauth Memorial Library and contains manuscript material, parish reports and documents from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some original church registers, including many from Western Pennsylvania and Ohio. In addition to the main library collection there is an open-shelf collection of Lutheran church history of Pennsylvania, including rare parish histories which often contain genealogical data, and most of the Pennsylvania Lutheran periodicals containing obituaries and other family and social history data. The Gettysburg Lutheran Seminary has a large archive of manuscript materials, including church. registers from the territories of the so-called General Synod which centered in. Central Pennsylvania. In addition the Seminary Library contains typed copies, bound, of Lutheran church registers from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This collection of over one hundred volumes, is the largest collection of Lutheran church registers available to the researcher, it was done under the direction of Pastor Frederick S. Weiser during his incumbency as archivist of the seminary. Copies of the collection are available for purchase by historical and genealogical libraries, and I have been happy to notice that the Historical Society of Pennsylvania library and the State Library have purchased copies to round out their church record coverage. The Western Reserve Historical Society of Cleveland, Ohio, one of the principal midwestern centers Pennsylvania German Records 19 for Pennsylvania German genealogy, has many bound volumes from the Gettysburg collection. The records and archives of the Reformed Churches of Pennsylvania, now merged with the United Church of Christ, as well as the archives of the Evangelical and Reformed Church, are located in the Schaff Memorial Library at the Lancaster Theological Seminary. As was the case with the Lutherans, the Reformed Church began in the nineteenth century to gather its own records. An emigant German theologian named William J. Hinke, who taught most of his life at the Auburn Theological Seminary in Auburn, New York, performed two invaluable historical services for Pennsylvania's Reformed churches. In his early years, in the 1890's, he made several trips to Europe to copy material dealing with the Reformed Churches of Pennsylvania, particularly those of the Synods of Holland which had oversight over the colonial churches before the Revolution. These European records, involving detailed reports from clergy and parishes, are all available in the archives. In addition, in the twentieth century Dr. Hinke devoted much of his non-teaching time to the laborious task of transcribing the eighteenth century German church registers of the Reformed congregations of Eastern Pennsylvania and Western Maryland. He borrowed the originals from the pastors, transcribed them, and typed copies of each record and had them bound by counties. This invaluable Hinke Collection of Reformed Church Registers is available at the Schaff Memorial Library, and is the most used of all the seminary collectionssin In addition, the library includes the same range of printed materials on the Reformed tradition in Pennsylvania as the Lutheran seminaries have for the Lutherans—everything from parish histories to periodicals. Certain regional libraries in Pennsylvania contain good genealogical collections on the Pennsylvania Germans. One of these is in Eastern Pennsylvania, the Schwenkfelder Library at Pennsburg, Montgomery County. It includes many genealogical and historical sources, not only on the Schwenkfelder sect,22 but also on the whole '' See Elizabeth Kieffer, "Genealogical Resources of the Historical Society of the Evangelical and Reformed Church", National Genealogical Society Quarterly, XLVIII 3 (September 1960), 113426. The article was written before the collection was moved from the Fackenthal Library at Franklin and Marshall College to the Schaff Memorial Library. For the detailed genealogy and history of the Schwenkfelder emigrant families, all of whom came to Pennsylvania from Silesia, see the massive volume by Samuel Kriebel Brecht, The Genealogical Record of the Schwenkfelder Families, Seekers of Religious Liberty who Fled from Silesia to Saxony and Thence to Pennsylvania in the Years 1732 to 1737, (New York, Rand, McNally and Company, 1923). 20 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine population of the area which includes parts of Montgomery, Bucks, Lehigh and Berks Counties. In Western Pennsylvania the Carnegie Library in Pittsburgh contains a good genealogical room and much Pennsylvania German material which is available to Western Pennsylvania researchers. For Mennonite, Amish, and Anabaptist materials, there are two depositories or archives in Pennsylvania. The largest is the Lancaster Conference Mennonite Historical Library and Archives at Lancaster, which has much genealogical material on the Swiss and South German Mennonite families who settled in Lancaster County and the adjoining areas. The second of the Mennonite Archives is the Franconia Mennonite Conference at the Christopher Dock School in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. Outside Pennsylvania, the Bluffton College Library at Bluffton, Ohio, and the Mennonite Archives at Goshen college, Goshen, Indiana have the largest collections. Goshen is in fact the American center for Mennonite and Anabaptist research, where both the Mennonite Quarterly Review, founded in 1927, and the Mennonite Encyclopedia, four volumes having been published 1955-1959, have been edited. Both of these contain Mennonite and Amish genealogical materials. The Mennonite Archives at Goshen has attempted to gather all known Mennonite and Amish genealogies, these are available to the researcher at the archives. For the Church of the Brethren, the largest collections are at Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, and Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. The Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania has Brethren materials in the Cassell Collection. For the genealogies of the original founders of this sect, who emigrated from the Wittgenstein area in 1719 and 1729 to Pennsylvania, the best introduction is the recent volume by Donald F. Durnbaugh, compiler and translator, European Origins of the Brethren: A Source Book on the Beginnings of the Church of the Brethren in the Early Eighteenth Century. For the Moravians [Unitas Fratruml, the principal depository is the Moravian Archives at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Of all the Pennsylvania German religious groups, the Moravians kept the most extensive records. Their membership lists of various Moravian congregations in the eighteenth century were careful to state exactly Pennsylvania German Records 21 where the emigrants had come from in Europe Not only have the Moravians preserved this information in manuscript, but in some cases they have made it available through publications, particularly those of the Moravian Historical Society. in addition to these denominational and regional libraries, many of the historical societies in the Pennsylvania German settlements of Pennsylvania have great interest in genealogy and have adequate collections. Among the best genealogical collections for Pennsylvania German [amities are those found at the Historical Society of Berks County in Reading; the Lehigh County Historical Society at Allentown; the Northampton County Historical Society at the Easton Public Library; the Lancaster County Historical Society at Lancaster; and the Historical Society of York County, at York. The latter society has many unique genealogical resources for the area, one of them a cemetery survey of York and Adams Counties, covering the vital statistics from every known public, church, and private cemetery in the two counties. Finally, there are two special genealogical institutions which can provide important resources for Pennsylvania German genealogical research, one of them in the United States, the other in West Germany. The American institution, the largest genealogical library in the country, is the Mormon-sponsored Genealogical Society of the Church of Latter-Day Saints, in Salt Lake City. European genealogists and archivists know of its worldwide search for original genealogical sources, church registers and other records, which it has systematically microfilmed where permission was given by institutions housing the originals. In addition to the manuscript sources, available to the public on microfilm, the book, pamphlet, and periodical collection is magnificent, and all open to the public for serious use. I can testify that the society's library is one of the few places in the United States, where, for instance, one can expect to find on the shelves most if not all of the German language genealogical periodicals that are published at present. The microfilms of the society are also available on loan anywhere in the United States through the branch libraries of the Latter-Day Saints Church. The recent worldwide Congress on Genealogical Records, sponsored by the Society in 'See especially John W. Jordan, "Moravian Immigration to Pennsylvania, 17341767, with some account of the transport vessels", Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society. V, (1899) 51-90. Abraham Reincke, "A register of members of the Moravian Church and of persons attached to said church in this country and abroad, between 1727 and 1754" edited by W. C. Reichel, Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, I, (1858-1876) 285-426. 22 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine 1969, brought together European and American experts in German and Pennsylvania German genealogical research, and represents one of the forces leading to the professionalization of American genealogical research. The German institution is the Heimatstelle Pfalz in Kaiserslautern, which in 1972 moved into new headquarters with adequate space for archives, library, museum exhibitions, and research conferences. The Heimatstelle Pialz was founded and directed through the years by Fritz Braun, whose interest in American-German genealogy is widely known and appreciated on both sides of the Atlantic. The Heimatstelle has compiled the largest card file on eighteenth and nineteenth century emigrants available in Germany. The interest is in emigrants from the former Electoral Palatine areas, with additional material also included. A second card file lists the inmigration into the Palatinate and adjoining areas from Switzerland, Austria, and other areas. Braun has edited the Mitteilungen zur Wanderungsgeschichte der Pialzer published in connection with Pfilizische Familien und Wappenhunde. His series Saint ten zur Wanderungsgeschichte der Pfilizer, includes much American emigration material. I cannot close this brief introduction to problems and resources in Pennsylvania German genealogical research without expressing the personal thanks of American researchers for the splendid cooperation and help offered to us by such institutions as the Heimatstelle Pfalz and the Zentralstelle fur Personen-und Familiengeschichte. With the increasing interest in American-German genealogy, it appears that matching institutions in the United Stittes are necessary. Plans projected at present call for the foundation oE a Center for AmericanGerman Genealogy, which can act as a clearing-house for genealogical exchange between Europe and America, a publishing center for genealogical source materials, and a funded institute for the compilation of those bibliographies, source guides, and research manuals which are such pressing needs for American genealogical researchers. • =1111111111millp.11.11..1111y1111 Bibliography The American Genealogical-BiograPhical Index to American Genealogical. Biographical and Local History Materials, edited by Fremont Rider (The Godfrey Memorial Library, Middletown, Connecticut), 79 voillmes issued thus far, 1952-1972. Winthrop Pickard Bell, The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 673 pp. Pennsylvania German Records 23 G. D. Bernheim, History , of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina . . (Philadelphia : The Lutheran Book Store, 1872), 557 pp. Daniel H. Bertolet, Genealogical History of the Bertolet Family, the Descendants of Jean Bertolet (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania : United Evangelical Publishing House, 1914), 260 pp. Fritz Braun, "The Eighteenth-Century Emigration from the Palatinate: New Documentation," Pennsyhunia Folklife, XV: 3 (Spring 1966), 40---88. Burial Book of the Moravian Church, Lancaster, 1741-1821 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania : Wickersham Press, 1928), 42 pp. Reprinted from the Publications of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, (March 1928). J. Neale Carman, Foreign-Language Units of Kansas. I: Historical Atlas and Statistics,(Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas Press, 1962), 330 pp. Meredith B. Colket, jr.: "Family Records Printed during the Colonial Period", Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, XLVII (1963), 61-67. Harold E. Cross, Ohio Amish Genealogy: Holmes County and Vicinity (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, n. d.), 160 pp. Dieter Cunz, The Maryland Germans: A History (Princeton, New jersey : Princeton University Press, 1948), 476 pp. J. Hanno Deiler, The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of German Descent (Philadelphia ; Americana Germanica Press, 1909), 136 pp. Americana Gerrnanica Monographs, VIII, P. C. Croil, "The Delong Family in America", The Pennsylvania-German, IV (1903), 375-383; V (1904), 22-21 Irwin Hoch DeLong, "Early Occurrences of the Family Name DeLong in Europe and America", The Reformed Church Review, 5th series III (1924), 267-280. Thomas A. DeLong, 7:he DeLongs of New York and Brooklyn: A Huguenot Family Portrait, (Southport, Connecticut Sasco Associates, 1972), 203 p. M. Walter Dundore, "The Saga of the Pennsylvania Germans in Wisconsin", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XIX (1954), 33-166. Donald F. Durnbaugh, compiler and translator, EuropeanOrigins of the Brethren: A Source Book on the Beginnings of the Church of the Brethren in the Early Eighteenth Century. A Two-Hundred-Fiftieth Anniversary Volume (Elgin, Illinois: The Brethren Press, 1958), 463 pp. H. Frank Eshleman, historic Background and Annals of the Swiss and German Pioneer Settlers of Southeastern Pennsvivania „ (Lancaster, Pennsylvania : Privately printed, 1917), 386 pp_ Arita L. Eyster, compiler and translator, "Notices by German and Swiss Settlers Seek ing Information of Members of Their Families, Kindred, or Friends Inserted Be tween the Years 1742 and 1761 in the Pennsylvanische Berichte and Between the Years 1762 and 1779 in the Pennsyivanische Staatsbote", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, III 0938), 1-41. Familiennamenbuch der Schweiz, 2d edition, 6 volumes (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 19681-1971). Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States. With Special Reference to its Political, Moral. Social and Educational Influence, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909), 591, 605 pp. Albert Bernhardt Faust, List of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies. Volume1, Zurich, 1734-1744 from the Archives of Switzerland (Washington, D. C.: The National Genealogical Society, 1920), 122 pp. and Gains Marcus Brumbaugh, List of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies. Volume II. From the State Archives of Bern and Easel, Switzerland (Washington, D. C.: The National Genealogical Society, 1925), 243 pp. Heinz F. Friederichs, Priirident Dwight D. Eisenhowers Vorfahren and Verwandte, (Neustadt a. d. Aisch, Degener & Co., 1955), 210 pp. 24 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine I Adelaide L. Fries, ed., Records of the Moravions in North Carolina, 4 volumes (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1922-1926). Eleanore Jane Fulton and Barbara Kendig Mylin, An Index to the Will Books and Intestate Records of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1729-1850 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing Company, 1936), 136 pp. Bibliography of Lancaster County Genealogies, pp. 133-136. Genealogical Research in the State Library of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: State Library &f Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Education, 1973), 10 pp. Russell W. Gilbert, "Pennsylvania German Wills", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XV (1950), 1-107. Melvin Gingerich, The Mennonites in Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1939), 419 pp. Arthur D. Graeff, "The Pennsylvania Germans in Ontario, Canada", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XI (1946), I 80. Isaac Hiester, "The Hiester Homestead in Germany", Transactions of the Historical Society of Berks County, II (1905-1909), 180-188; The Pennsylvania German, IX (1908), 496-459. Edward W. }locker, ed., "Genealogical Data Relating to the German Settlers of Pennsylvania and Adjacent Territory from Advertisements in German Newspapers Pub lished in Philadelphia and Germantown 1743-1800" (Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1935), 300 pp.. typescript, completely indexed, available in Genealogical Society of of Pennsylvania Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Oskar Hornung, Friedrichstat: Geschichte einer Hugenottengemeinde. Zur 250-jahrfeier (Karlsruhe: C. F. Muller, 1949), 416 pp. John A. and Beulah S. Hostetler, "Amish Genealogy : A Progress Report", Pensyl vania Folklife, XIX: I. (Autumn 1969), 23-27. William I. Hull, William Penn and the Dutch Quaker Migration to Pennsylvada (Swarthmore, Pennsylvania: Swarthmore College, 1935), 44 pp. Swarthmore College Monographs on Quaker History, John W. Jordan, "Moravian Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1731-1767, with some account of the transport vessels", Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, V (1899), 51-90. Elizabeth Kieffer, "Genealogical Resources of the Historical Society of the Evangelical and Reformed Church, Fackenthal Library, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania", National Genealogical Society Quarterly, XLVIII:3 (September 1960), 113-126. Walter Allen Knittle, Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration: A British Government Redemptioner Project to Manufacture Naval Stores , (Philadelphia: Dorrance and Company, 1937), 320 pp. Friedrich Krebs, ed, "A List of German Immigrants to the American Colonies from Zweihriicken in the Palatinate, 1.750-177P, with an Introduction by Don Yoder, The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XVI (1951), 171-183. "New Materials on the 18th Century Emigration from the Speyer State Archives", translated and edited by Don Yoder, Pennsylvania Poi/elite, XVI :1 (Autumn 1966), 40-41. Oscar Kuhns, "Lancaster County Families from the Canton Zurich, Switzerland", The Pennsylvania-German, XI (1910), 608-610; The National Genealogical Society Quarterly, VIII (1919), 3&-38. "Some Lancaster County Families from the Canton of Berne, Switzerland", The Pennsylvania. German, XI (1910), 733-735; The National Genealogical Society Quarterly, VIII (1919), 39-41. "Studies in Pennsylvania German Family Names", Americana Germanica, IV (1901 1902), 299-341. Harold Lamour, compiler, A Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists, 1338-1825: Being a Guide to Published Lists of Early Immigrants to North America, 3d ed., revised and enlarged by Richard J. Wolf (New York : The New York Public Library, 1963). See the Pennsylvania section, pp. 45-62. Pennsylvania German Records 25 Otto Langguth, "Pennsylvania German Pioneers from the County of Wertheim", trans, lated and edited by Don Ytxler, The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XII (1947), 147-289. "Lower Piermudian Lutheran and Reformed Church, Register" Volume I : 1745 1864, translated by Edna Albert. Original records at Gettysburg Lutheran Seminary, typed copies available at Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Historical Society of York County. G. M. Ludwig, "The Influence of the Pennsylvania Dutch in the Middle West", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, X (1945), 1-101. H. L. Mencken, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in. the United States, 4th ed. Nye (w York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1937), 769, xxix pp. See the section on surnames, pp. 474-505. American. Language An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. Supplement 11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,,1948), 890, xliii Emil Meyneh, ed., Bibliographic des Deittschtmms der kolonialzeitlichen Einwanderung in Nordamerika insbesondere der Pennsylvanien-Deutsqten tend ihrer Machkommen 1685 bis 1933, (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1937), 05 pp. See "Family Histories and Biographies", pp. 476--591. Hedwig Mundel, "A 1725 List of Wittgenstein Emigrants", translated and edited by Don Yoder, The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine, XXVI ( W70), 133-143. Paul A. Nielson, "Major Sources of Genealogical Information in Switzerland", Swiss American Historical Society Newsletter, VIII :3 (November 1972), 5-12. "Palatines and Servants Imported on the King of Prussia", The Pennsylvania Genealogic-lid Magazine, XXVII (1971), 54-61. Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker, "The Settlement of Germantown, Pennsylvania, and the Beginning of German Immigration to North America" (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1899), The Pennsylvania- German Society, Proceedings and Addresses, IX (1898), 51-345. G. Elmore Ream.an, The Trail of the Black Walnut (Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, 1957), 256 pp. [Abraham Reincke], "A register of members of the Moravian Church and of persons attached to said church in this country and abroad, between 1727 and 1754" edited by W. C. Reichel, Trartsactions of the Moravian Historical Society, I (1858L1876), 285-426. Heinrich Rembe, Lam bsheim, Die Familien von. 1547 bis 1800 . (Kaiserslautern Heimatstelle Pfalz, 1971), 297 pp. ReMilton Rubincam, "The Ansbach-Bayreuth Troops in the Revolutionary War : view of Erhard Stadtler's Recent Work", National Genealogical Society Quarterly, XLVI :1 (March 1958), 50-53. editor, Genealogical Research in German-Speaking- Lands : A Symposium", National Genealogical Society Quarterly, XLV: 3 (September 1957) 117-129; and XLV :4 (December 1957), 203-210. Contains: (1) Ralph Dornfeld Owen, "Genealogical Sources in German-Speaking Lands : General Introduction"; (2) Karl Friedrich von Frank, "Searching for American Families in Germany and Austria"; (3) Fritz for Genealogical Research in the Palatinate"; (4) Friedrich Braun, l' Krebs, "What Can the Archives at Speyer Offer American Genealogy ?" ; (5) Heinz F. Friederichs, "Sources for Hessian Genealogy"; (6) Adam Heldmann, "Genealogical Research in Hesse-Darmstadt"; (7) W. H. Ruoff, "Concerning Genealogy din ton, "The Ahnenin Switzerland"; and (8) Milton Rubincarn and John I. pass (Ancestor Passport) of Nazi Gtrmany". "Researching European Origins of Pennsylvania German Families", The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine, XXV (1968), 227-226. Israel Daniel Rupp, Dictionary of American Biography, XVI, 225-226. Israel Daniel Rupp, A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and Other Immigrants to Pennsylvania from 1727 to .7776. (Philadelphia, 1856, 1876, 1927 ; Leipzig : Degener, 1931), 478w 89 pp. This is the title of the 1876 edition which was reprinted in Philadelphia in 1927 and became the basis of the German edition of 1931. The German edition is the only edition with an index. Now superseded by Strassburger-Hinke. • Possibilities 26 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Augustus Schultz, "The Old Moravian Cemetery of Bethlehem, Pa., 1742-1897", Transactions of ihe Moravian Historical Society, V (1899), 99-267, Index 271-294. Leo Schelbert, " Wanderungen der Schweizer : Eire historischer thaerblick", SaecuJahrbuch fur Universalgeschichte, XVIII (1967), 403-430. Oswald Seirdensticker, "Memoir of Israel Daniel Rupp", The Pennsylvania az of History and Biography, XIV (1890), 403-413. D. B. Shuey, History of the Shiley Family in America, from 1732-1876, (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Privately printed, 1876), 779 pp. C. Henry Smith, "The Mennonite Immigration to Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century", (Norristown, Pennsylvania: The Norristown Press, 1929), 412 pp. The Pennsylvania German Society, Proceedings and Addresses, XXXV (1924). Carl Thurman Smith, "They Went West: Pennsylvanians in Ohio", The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine, XXIV (1966), 300-302. Elmer Lewis Smith, John G. Stewart, and D. Ellsworth Kyger, "The Pennsylvania Germans of the Shenandoah Valley", (Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1964), The Penn-sylvania German Folklore Society, XXVI (1962), 27 pp_ Erhard Sadder, Die Ansbach-Bayreuther Truppen im Amcrikanischen Unabhangigkeitskreig, 1777-1783, (Nurnberg: GesellschAft fur Familienforschung in Franken, 1956). Mmmon] Stapleton, Memorials of the Huguenots in America, with Special Reference to their Emigration to Pennsylvania (Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Huguenot Publishing Company, 1901), 164 pp. A[mmon] Stapleton, "Records of 'Hill Church' in Berks County, Pa.", Notes and Queries, ed. W. H. Egle, Annual Volume 1898, 169-171, 173-175, 178-180. Ernst Steinemann, eel., "A List of Eighteenth-Century Emigrants from the Canton of Schaffhausen to the American Colonies, 1734 1752". With an Introduction by Don Yoder, The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XVI (1951), 185-196. Ralph Beaver Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: A Publication of Me Original Lists of Arrivals in the Port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808, edited by illiafn John Hinke, 3 vols. (Norristown, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania German Society, 1934). Georg von Bosse, EIP K (1)11Pf um Glauben und Volkstion: Das Streben zerahrend meines 25jaTzrigen Amtslebens ais deutsch-lutherischcr Geistlicher in sera a, (Stuttgart: Chr. 13elsersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1920), 259 pp. Sally A. Weikel, Using the Published Archives for Genealogical Research, (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Library, 1972), 3 pp. Frederick S. Weiser' [Weiser], "Verhunsde Pennisylvaanisch-Deitsche Freindschafte", (June 1970), 84 93 National Genealogical Society Quarterly, LVIII : Klaus Wust, The Virginia Germans, (Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1969), 310 pp. "Reaching Beyond the Atlantic in Search of German Immigrant Ancestors", In, National Gen-eatogical Society Quarterly, XLV: 2 (June 1957), 61-66. Don Yoder, "Akkulturationsprobleme deutsche r- Auswanderer in Nordamerika", Gunter 19.Jahrhundert (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck Wiegeimann, ed., Kultureller Wandel and Ruprechs, 1973, pp. 18.4-203). editor and translator, "Emigrants from Wurttemberg: The Adolf Gerber Lists", The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, X (1945), 103-237. editor and translator, "From the Palatinate to Frontier Ohio: The Risser Letters", (1832-1833), The Mennonite Quarterly Review, XXX (1956), 411--64. "Genealogy and Folk-Culture", Pennsylvania Folklife, XV : I (Autumn 1965), 24-29, ed., "Lehigh County Naturalization Records", The Pennsylvania Dutchman, I (May 5, 1949), 6; II ( January 1950), 6. Preliminary Reading List" Pennsylvania ed., "The Pennsylvania Germans : Folklife, XIJ : (Winter 1971 1972), 2 17. See especially " pp. 7-8. Die Genealogy ",